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Vitamin
C
Important things to
know about Vitamin
C
A beautiful
you
is healthy you. Your skin is firm and smooth, with even skin tone and glowing
color. Your body is free from medical problems and it is normal in function and
tolerance. We are usually born with health, but time, the sun and
environmental assaults take their toll. What can you
do to maintain a youthful you?
Vitamin
C is one of the easiest, safest, quickest
and cheapest alternatives available to help you maintain as well as recapture your
body's vitality.
Truly beautiful
skin, well into your mature years, is a product of overall
health, skin care
and self-pampering.
It may seem unimportant
to contemplate doing anything about your health before reaching your
thirties. However, it is in our twenties that the effects of aging begin to be
visible in our complexion. It is never too early to start
anti-aging and skin care. Another commonly missed fact is
that 80% of all sun damage occurs in the first 18 years of life! So the
benefits of sun block in a skin care regimen become readily apparent.
Genetically programmed chronologic aging causes changes in
collagen and elastin, the connective tissues that supply
firmness and elasticity to the skin. The genetic program of individuals is
different, so the loss of skin firmness and elasticity occurs at different rates
and different times in one individual as compared to another.
As skin becomes less elastic, it also becomes drier, and the fat
padding begins to disappear. This causes the skin to sag and look less supple.
Collagen is the
fibrous protein that makes up more than 33% of your body and
approximately 75% of your skin. Perhaps best known as the connective tissue
between bone and muscle, collagen is the brick and mortar that ties your cells
together. Similar to a wire-mesh screen, cells fill the holes of the screen, but
they wouldn’t have any structure without collagen. It is this pliant molecular
scaffolding that supports your skin and connects it to your skeleton. As we age,
however, this scaffolding changes significantly, as is evidenced by facial
lines, wrinkles, and other signs of aging. Vitamin C
can help.
In addition to photoaging (sun damage),
aging skin experiences a thinning of the fatty tissue that lies just
beneath the skin surface which
makes it less tolerant to physical trauma. Our skin is
also at the mercy of many forces as we age: sun, harsh weather
and our own bad habits. Of course, genetics also play a large part in
all of this, which is why these changes occur
at different times in different people. Again,
Vitamin C can help.
Ultimately wrinkles will appear.
Wrinkles come in all stages, sizes and depths.
Overall health usually dimishes with changes in our minds, heart, blood
pressure...
Don't forget, Vitamin C can help.
You deserves self-pampering
and a Vitamin C advantage. By
self-pampering, we do not only mean a day at the spa (even though that feels pretty
nice). We mean making
choices every single day that reflect your commitment to yourself and to your
body. Taking proper care of your body means the right nourishment, keeping it in
great shape and having a positive attitude. A younger
you is a goal worth
striving for but so is a healthy you. A Healthy you
starts with Vitamin C.
Vitamin C is important but this concept should really be looked at as "wellness". Keep reading because we are just getting
started...
After many years of research, scientists, dermatologists and
plastic surgeons have discovered that a variety of natural ingredients and
vitamin extracts significantly help slow down and even reverse the signs of
aging skin. These ingredients are now found in many physician developed and
physician recommended anti-aging skin care products. Vitamin
C is probably the most significant!
What is Vitamin C?
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, otherwise known as
ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is responsible for many functions in your body.
Vitamin
C is an antioxidant and can protect your body from free radicals, which may
cause heart disease and cancer. Vitamin C is responsible for producing collagen.
Collagen is present in your muscles and bones. It is responsible for holding the
cells together. Vitamin C helps your immune system. It helps you heal from
scrapes and bruises. Vitamin C also keeps your gums healthy. People with lack of
Vitamin C often develop black, swollen gums otherwise known as scurvy.
Vitamin C in supplements is usually sold as
ascorbic acid. Antioxidants such as vitamin C act to protect your cells against the effects of
free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of energy metabolism.
Free radicals can damage cells and may contribute to the development of
cardiovascular disease and cancer. More conclusive studies
are underway to determine whether vitamin C (through its ability to limit production of free radicals) helps
to prevent or delay the development of those chronic diseases.
The data for Vitamin C looks very promising so far. Vitamin
C has
also been shown to play a role in immune function, in DNA repair, the
anti-aging process and other metabolic processes.
What is the best
source of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits (lime,
lemon,
orange,
grapefruit),
tomatoes,
and
potatoes
are good common sources of vitamin C. Other foods that are good sources of
vitamin C include
papaya,
broccoli,
brussels sprouts,
black currants,
strawberries,
cauliflower,
spinach,
cantaloupe,
and
kiwifruit. Vitamin
C ingredients are now
found in many physician developed and physician recommended anti-aging skin care
products and herbal supplements.
Vitamin C Facts

-
Based on the observation that skin damage caused by the sun and other
environmental agents are induced by free radicals, there is the
strong possibility that Vitamin
C may be
effective in preventing skin damage.
-
Vitamin C is being used in more and more skin preparations as a way to fend off
this type of skin damage.
-
Vitamin
C contributes to a healthy circulatory system and aids in proper
blood clotting.
-
Vitamin C improves wound healing.
-
Vitamin
C may decrease symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and certain
types of breast diseases.
-
Vitamin C dosage - women should consume 8 mg and men should consume
10 mg
daily.
-
It is almost impossible to have Vitamin E deficiency, but too much
can cause nausea and digestive tract problems.
-
Vitamin
C is one of the most powerful antioxidants.
-
Vitamin C can help prevent-free radical damage.
-
Vitamin C is a great moisturizing
agent.
-
Vitamin C works at its best with Vitamin
E.
What is the recommended intake for vitamin
C?
The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to
meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in
each age and gender group.
Are
Vitamin C products approved by the FDA?
Vitamin C nutritional supplements do not require
FDA approval. Make sure that each
Vitamin C formula you buy is triple-checked by a
quality-control process conducted by independent laboratories that follow
general FDA guidelines for testing.
Who is at risk for vitamin
C deficiency?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is essential for collagen formation
and helps maintain the integrity of substances of mesenchymal origin, such as
connective tissue, osteoid tissue, and dentin. It is essential for wound healing
and facilitates recovery from burns. This vitamin is a strong reducing agent and
is reversibly oxidized and reduced in the body, functioning as a redox system in
the cell. It is involved in the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. As a
reductant (with oxygen, ferrous iron, and a 2-ketoacid), vitamin C activates
enzymes that hydroxylate procollagen proline and lysine to procollagen
hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. In scorbutic animals, elastin becomes
increasingly deficient in hydroxyproline. Vitamin C protects folic acid
reductase, which converts folic acid to folinic acid, and may help release free
folic acid from its conjugates in food. Vitamin C facilitates the absorption of
iron. Severe deficiency results in scurvy,
an acute or chronic disease characterized by hemorrhagic manifestations and
abnormal osteoid and dentin formation. A physician can determine if
they are the result of a vitamin E deficiency or are from another cause.
If you are worried about Vitamin C deficiency, please
contact your physician right away.
Who may need extra Vitamin
C to prevent a deficiency?
In adults, primary deficiency is usually due to food
idiosyncrasies or improper diet. Deficiencies occur in GI disease, especially
when the patient is on an "ulcer diet." Pregnancy, lactation, and thyrotoxicosis
increase vitamin C requirements; acute and chronic inflammatory diseases,
surgery, and burns can significantly increase requirements. Diarrhea increases
fecal loss, and achlorhydria decreases the amount absorbed. Cold or heat stress
increases urinary excretion of vitamin C. Heat (eg, sterilization of formulas,
cooking) can destroy vitamin C in food.
Vitamin C Benefits Cholesterol Levels
Vitamin C used together with Vitamin E can provide benefits from diseases of the
heart, including cholesterol levels.
Vitamin C Deficiency on Pregnancy
A daily vitamin C supplement can reduce the risk of complications during child
birth in pregnant women, namely in premature deliver.
Vitamin C for Dental Health
A supplement containing vitamin C and many B-vitamins can greatly reduce the
symptoms of periodontal disease.
Vitamin C in the Development of Cataracts
Elderly women can experience reduced risk of developing cataracts and
carotenoids by taking vitamin C.
Vitamin C Supplements Improve Endothelial Functioning
A daily vitamin C supplement can help improve endothelial functions and thus
maintain healthy functioning of the heart, particularly in people who already
have coronary artery disease.
Vitamin C and Coronary Heart Disease
The relationship between vitamin C intake and coronary heart disease, in women
who contracted the disease, suggests that taking a vitamin C supplement can help
reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
Vitamin C and Heart Failure
The use of vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol in already ill people can reduce the
risk of dieing from heart or organ failure.
Vitamin C Supplements Improve Heart and Lung
Heart and lung functioning can be improved by taking a vitamin C supplement,
while overall functioning can be improved in people who smoke.
Vitamin C Improves Concentration
Vitamin C can improve the levels of glutathione, which is associated with
reducing the risk of many chronic diseases in the body.
Vitamin C and Improvement in the Number of Cells
Early administration of Vitamin C can kill off malignant cells in the body and
help treat prostate cancer.
Vitamin C and Vitamin K in Cancer Cell Death
Taking Vitamins C and K together, in the early stages of cancer treatment,
increases the likelihood of destroying cancerous cells.
Vitamin C on Lipid Levels in the Blood
Taking a dialy supplement of any combination of vitamin C and vitamin E can
reduce the lipid levels in the blood, thus aiding in the reduction of
cholesterol levels.
Vitamin C and Treatment for Meniere’s Disease
A daily oral supplement of vitamin C can serve as an effective treatment of
Meniere's disease.
Vitamin C use Prevents Common Cold
This study suggests that a daily supplement containing vitamin C could prevent
the common cold or reduce the healing time.
Vitamin C Supplementation on Type II Diabetes
People with type II diabetes have an increased risk of high blood pressure. This
study suggests that taking a vitamin C supplement can decrease blood pressure in
people with type II diabetes.
Vitamin C and the Effects on Dementia
A study conducted on older men suggests that a supplement containing vitamin
C and vitamin E can reduce vascular dementia and increase levels of cognitive
functioning.
Why is
Vitamin C skin care important?
-
Vitamin C Skin care is
the first line of protection
from aging and sun damage.

-
Vitamin C Skin care minimizes sun-damage.
-
Vitamin C Skin care maintains
a youthful
appearance.
-
Vitamin C Skin care recaptures
the vitality of
youthful skin.
The most popular
physician-strength skin care solutions.
ORDER NOW!
University
of California human development scholars recently
published a report on optimal aging stating that members of the World War
II and Baby Boom generations are physiologically 10 to 15 years younger than
their parents were at the same age. The researchers credit this remarkable new
youthfulness to medical advances made over the past 50 years as well as good
nutrition, exercise, spirituality, and the avoidance of toxic habits such as
excessive smoking and drinking (USA Today Magazine 2003).
One area that has shown enormous
progress in the field of plastic surgery and anti-aging
medicine is skin care and Vitamin C. More specifically, the
development of what has become known as
physician-strength skin care products or
skin care with nutrients that positively impact your
skin. Exposure to sunlight, changes in the underlying skin structure, and the
steady tug of gravity can, of course, give the skin an
aged, mottled, puffy, dark, “tired” look, regardless
of how conscientious you are about your health.
The
newest physician-strength skin care products (like
neaclear) can make a dramatic difference, giving skin a firmer, more
radiant look. A great skin care
product should be infused with ingredients that
penetrate the epidermis to do more to help correct the skin challenges imposed
by sun exposure and time. Laboratory studies highlight
the ability of advanced skin care technology to
deliver a greater amount of these special ingredients
to the skin, allowing for maximum penetration.
Some outstanding skin
care products are now available. On the cutting edge of high-tech
skin care,
neaclear is considered one of
the finest physician-strength skin care products
currently available in the personal care
and health & beauty industry. neaclear's bioactive ingredients
have been clinically verified to enhance cellular turnover by increasing oxygen
consumption which helps improve cellular renewal.
Many physicians strongly support the view that
injecting skin care with oxygen and Vitamins C & E can be used for the
prevention of skin photo-damage. Just as importantly,
studies verify that supporting the transdermal
collagen matrix is key because it encourages firmer,
more elastic and more youthful-looking skin.
The Future of Vitamin C Skin Care
The Latest Skin Care Ingredients
What are the special skin
care ingredients that are contributing to the
youthful appearance seen everywhere you turn?
Along with cutting-edge ingredients, many skin-smoothing components
have been studied in clinical settings for decades and have stood
the test of time. Now every woman has access to a
wide range of wonderful skin care advances.
Two
Skin Care Factors
Beautiful, radiant skin is dependent on two essential factors.
First, we must enhance the skin’s antioxidant reserve in order to
ward off toxins, which can make skin look dull and dry. A
special blend of antioxidants can help to nourish the skin around
the eyes, lips, and forehead to give it a healthy, youthful-looking
glow. Second, it is critical to strengthen the actual structural
matrix of the cells to promote the luxurious look of moisture-rich,
smooth and radiant skin.
Step 1:
Skin Care Needs To Provide Skin Defense Against Oxidative Stress
It is essential to keep the surface of your skin free of lipid
peroxides, which cause oxidative stress and make the skin appear
dull, lined, and old. Liquid Oxygen
deserves top billing for its ability to improve the healing of skin
damage. Liquid Oxygen
also helps to prevent
deep furrows and lines and
helps maintain a
silkier, smoother, skin
glow. Liquid Oxygen allows
your skin to take in some
much needed deep breaths.
Another major player is
the role of antioxidants specifically Vitamins
C & E. However, Vitamins C & E
while effective individually, work together
synergistically in
a much more effective
manner. Vitamins C & E
even promote oxygen, which is a catalyst for
superoxide dismutase, prompting it to go to work scavenging
free radicals while
also inhibiting further injury from lipid peroxidation.
Oxygen is a key mechanism to stimulate direct influences on wound
healing — including the growth of new skin cells (Goodson 1976).
Rejuvenation of skin cells can bring the appearance of diminished
fine lines and wrinkles.
One of the
major culprits behind leathery, wrinkled,
moisture-sapped skin is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. Some of the sun’s harmful rays are powerful
enough to even penetrate
window glass and can be
reflected from snow, sand, concrete, and water.
The end result is burning of your skin
and sun damage on a cellular level.
A common
question is can previous damage from the sun be
repaired? Vitamin
C is one of nature’s
greatest gifts. This antioxidant provides protection
from the sun by warding off UVB rays, according to a
1996 report published in Acta Dermato-Venerologica
(West 2000). Multiple studies have
shown that tocopherol
was protective against UV damage and was capable of
repairing the top layer of skin cells caused by
irradiation. There are numerous
skin care and anti-aging products that take advatage of
the useful properties of Vitamin C.
Step 2: Skin Care Needs To Strengthen and Hydrate Cells
With a
marked reduction in hydration,
elastin and collagen (as occurs with aging and sun
damage), skin may look dry, creased,
and lined.
Extensively studied in the
anti-aging literature,
Liquid Oxygen is a vital
compound that
can boost blood circulation to help skin cells receive
nourishment and remain healthy. As
some physicians have stated, "Adding liquid oxygen to
skin care was a stroke of genius." This is especially
necessary for moisture-deprived skin around the eyes,
between the brows and around the lips.
A
skin care product that causes a noticeable increase in
skin hydration
means a younger-looking, more vibrant skin.
The hydrating effect of
Liquid Oxygen is
noticeable within 10 to 21 days and lasts as long as the
skin care product is
applied.
In a
youth-driven society, it’s hard not to notice wrinkles.
However, skin care advances have made
it possible to fight back! Drink plenty of water,
eat a well-balanced diet and arm yourself with a
skin care regimen that
contains the richest blend of legendary, cutting-edge
ingredients that can help you cheat time.
What else can you do for your skin
other than Vitamin C?
VITAMIN C is great but dON'T FORGET ABOUT NUTRITION
While most of us have heard that eating a wide variety of fruits and
vegetables is a helpful way to fend off a host of ailments by providing the body
with essential antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, the American Dietetic
Association (ADA) says that 80% of us don’t meet the basic guidelines
for consuming fruits and vegetables set by the U.S. Food Guide Pyramid (ADA 2003).
In other words, most of us are not getting enough of the vital nutrients our
bodies require.
Keeping the skin in proper working order requires a balanced
diet rich in vitamins like C, A, and E as well as those in the B-complex group.
Each of these vitamins helps maintain skin function in a different way:

Vitamin C helps the body create collagen.
Vitamin A is required by skin cells for maintenance and repair.
Vitamin E improves circulation, aids in repairing tissue and
reduces scarring in some wounds.
Vitamin B3 is particularly helpful in the formation of healthy
new skin cells.
Niacin improves blood flow to the skin's surface.
The antioxidant vitamins (C, A and E) may also assist in
scavenging mutant cells known as free radicals. (Free radicals are created
either as a by-product of the immune system's battle against infection or by
environmental toxins.) Minerals like chromium and zinc are also necessary.
Chromium aids in reducing infections to the skin, while zinc helps heal tissue
and prevent scarring.
VITAMIN C is great but don't forget the importance
of stress management
You could be adhering fanatically to
a good exercise and nutrition regimen, but if y ou
don’t reduce your stress or use stress-reduction techniques, you’re headed for
high blood pressure and, ultimately, disaster. Research
shows that hot-tempered men are far more likely to have heart disease and heart
attacks than their more serene peers (Reuters Health 2002). Anger releases
catecholamines, which are compounds that constrict blood vessels, increase heart
rate and boost blood pressure. Become aware of
“anger traps” - people, situations, and conversations
that can trigger anger. If you can’t avoid them, remain calm and breathe deeply.
Repeat often. And yes, it is true
that our emotions show on our faces
(and not just in the
form of furrowed brows and frown lines). When we are under stress, our bodies
react with varying hormonal fluctuations, release of toxins, constriction of
blood vessels and depletion of hydration. Stress lowers our resistance to
infection and interrupts normal sleep patterns. Guess what? These
reactions directly affect the skin's ability to perform at an optimal level.
VITAMIN C is great but
don't forget to get your beauty sleep
A 2001 National Sleep Foundation poll found that
only 37% of adults are
getting the recommended eight hours of sleep nightly (Davis 2002). With today’s
crazy schedules and soaring stress levels, getting the necessary amount of deep
sleep crucial to keeping us energetic and alert can be difficult despite our
best intentions. Proper rest and relaxation
also help your skin (as well as the rest
of your body) to operate at peak performance. How much rest is enough?
Individuals vary. Some find that eight hours a night is not enough.
Others thrive on five hours or less. It's important to find the amount of
sleep that is best for you and make time for it. Not only will you feel
better... you'll look better, too!
VITAMIN C is great but exercise is also great for
your skin
Lack of physical activity
contributes to 300,000 deaths each year due to heart disease, stroke, diabetes
and other conditions (CNN 2002). A 30-minute
walk every day is all it takes to significantly improve your health.
You’ll do your heart an even bigger favor by walking two extra miles a
day. When you exercise, you increase your oxygen intake, improve
your circulation, lower your blood pressure, promote more restful sleep, induce
perspiration (and the excretion of toxins) as well as release endorphins
(a
group of naturally-occurring proteins that help lift spirits as well as zap
pain). It has been shown that people who exercise live longer and more
often describe their lives as happier and less stressful than those who are
sedentary.
VITAMIN C is great but
don't forget to hydrate Yourself Everyday with h20!
New research reports
that people who drink at least five glasses of water a day are less likely to
die from a heart attack than people who drink two or fewer glasses a day (McCook
2002). Researchers believe the water is absorbed by the blood, which decreases
blood “thickness.” This reduces the risk of developing a blood clot that can
lead to a heart attack. Besides, when you drink water, it helps to take away the
appetite for fattening holiday foods. Skin is the largest organ of the body, it gets
thirsty! It has 2 layers. The outer layer
(epidermis) is water-proof while the inner
layer (dermis) has oil (sebaceous) glands, sweat glands, nerves, blood vessels &
hair follicles. Drinking water does keep you hydrated, which helps
your skin look and
feel better. Get in the standard 6 to 8 eight-ounce glasses throughout the day
-- more if you're a heavy exerciser.
VITAMIN C is great but Don't apply bacteria
to your face!
Did you know that bacteria are already present in
makeup even before you buy it?
And, according to the
Food and Drug Administration, each time you use a
product’s applicator or makeup brush
with unclean hands,
you are adding more bacteria to both the product and
your face! Even if you’re rigorous about cleansing your
hands and your makeup utensils before use, cosmetics
that have been sitting around for a while still lose
their ability over time to kill bacteria (Cohen 2002).
To protect your skin from bacteria, experts recommend
that you keep track of how long you’ve been using a
product. “The risk of infection can be reduced if you
change skin care products
every three to four months. How do you know it’s
time to toss out a skin care
product? Any noticeable change in texture, color, or
smell is a clear indication that it’s time to replace
the cosmetic.
And while you are updating your skin
care products, why not
upgrade them? With scientific breakthroughs
occurring regularly, be sure that the product you are
using to moisturize your face contains superb hydrating
agents and the latest cutting-edge antioxidants that
protect against cell destructors (including sun exposure).
VITAMIN C is great but remember that smoking is
really bad for
your skin
Smoking
and secondary smoke affect our skin in potentially a
very devastating way. Any exposure to smoke either
directly or indirectly can result in poor wound healing,
delayed wound healing, skin loss necessitating skin
grafting, increased risk in wound infection and loss of
skin and deeper tissues, all resulting from decreased
blood su pply to those areas. The diminished blood flow
to skin wound edges can cause the breakdown of skin and
scabbing. Also, there are well-known increased risks
with anesthesia such as increased chance of developing
pneumonia.
Again, remember that
slow wound healing (months instead of weeks), skin loss resulting in
scabbing and prolonged need for dressing changes, and infection usually
involving the need for antibiotics (but sometimes another surgery to drain the
infection) all are complications that can occur at a much higher risk if
you smoke or are exposed to smoke (Instead of less than 5%, it can be as high as
60% ).
Please be honest with your skin care doctor so that they can take good care of you and
help prevent problems. Plastic surgery procedures are totally elective operations so there is no
reason to take any unnecessary risks. If your doctor tells you smoking is not a
problem, I would think twice about your choice of doctor.
VITAMIN C is great but
always
USE SUNBLOCK!
It is
important to mention sun block.
All types of skin need to be treated. There is a tendency for
people with darker skin to mistakenly believe that they are
protected from the harmful rays of the sun. While it might be
true that they get less skin cancer, there is still a
significant percentage that do. With more sun damage and
exposure, the risk multiplies. Of course, their increased
pigmentation does not offer any protection for the accelerated
aging effect the sun has on their skin.
Always include sun block in your skin care regimen! Don't forget about
sun protection for your lips
and eyes. Wearing sunglasses helps
protect
your eyes. Both of these areas should not be forgotten.
To make the point, check out the two
pictures below:
 
The left picture is a 58 year old
American Indian female who spent practically all of her time
outdoors. The right picture is a 72 year old Tibetian monk
who spent practically all of his time indoors away from the sun.
I believe the pictures say it all!
Again, sun block is an
essential and integral part of
an effective skin care regimen.
VITAMIN C
is great but Visit your Skin care
d octor or specialist if you want
expert SKIN CARE advice
Visiting your skin care specialist or
skin care doctor can benefit
you in the long run. They could help you decide what is
best for your skin care needs.
Dr Speron has a tremendous amount of experience with
Vitamin C skin care and Vitamin
C in Anti-Aging Medicine in Chicago. He is able to offer all types of options to his skin care
patients:
-
Laser
skin rejuvenation
-
Glycolic Peels
-
TCA
skin peels
-
Botox
Injections
-
Collagen
Skin Injections
-
Obagi Blue Peels
-
Retin-A
skin care
-
Cellulite creams, body skin toners and treatments
-
Pre and post-op body contouring creams
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Pre and post laser resurfacing kits
-
Anti-wrinkle creams
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Anti-oxidants
-
Vitamin C creams
-
All skin care services are offered in an office
setting, meaning there are no hospital or surgery center visits.
-
Insurance
can cover some procedure costs
-
Skin care
rejuvenation program
ORDER NOW!
What do our
ANTI-AGING
patients say ABOUT VITAMIN
C?
"Vitamin C is a tremendous
advantage!" - AS,
Chicago
"Vitamin C has helped me feel younger" -
TT, Kennilworth
"Vitamin C is something I
wish I started a long time ago...simple, yet effective!" -
QF, Los Angeles
"Vitamin C makes so
much sense I am amazed it is not taken by absolutely everyone" -
OR, Miami
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